Country's codes
International phone code for Egypt: +20
Standard EAN-13 (country barcode): 622
Olympic country code: EGY
Useful country information
Land area: 384,344 sq mi (995,451 sq km); total area: 386,662 sq mi (1,001,450 sq km)
Population (2022 est.): 104.3 million
Capital and largest city (2022 est.): Cairo, 21,323,000
Cairo: Capital City Profile
Other large cities: Alexandria, 4.494 million (2011)
Monetary unit: Egyptian pound
National name: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah
Languages: Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes
Ethnicity/race: Egyptian 99.6%, other 0.4% (2006 census)
National Holiday: Revolution Day, July 23
Religions: Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 90%, Christian (majority Coptic Orthodox, other Christians include Armenian Apostolic, Catholic, Maronite, Orthodox, and Anglican) 10% (2012 est.)
In about 3100 B.C., Egypt was united under a ruler known as Mena, or Menes, who inaugurated the 30 pharaonic dynasties into which Egypt's ancient history is divided -- the Old and the Middle Kingdoms and the New Empire. The pyramids at Giza (near Cairo), which were built in the fourth dynasty, testify the power of the pharaonic religion and state.
Egypt is the most populous country in the Arab world. Nominally independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty following World War II.
The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile river in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt.
A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to ready the economy for the new millennium through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure.
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