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Oropouche virus disease is an arboviral illness caused by the Oropouche virus (OROV). This virus is prevalent in Central and South America, as well as the Caribbean, where outbreaks are common. In 2024, significant outbreaks have been reported in Brazil,

Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guyana, and Peru. As of October 5, 2024, there have been 10,275 confirmed cases, including two deaths, in the Americas.

Transmission

OROV is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected midge (Culicoides paraensis), though some mosquitoes can also spread the virus. Recently, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has been investigating potential mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy in Brazil and Cuba.

Symptoms

Symptoms typically appear four to eight days after being bitten by an infected insect. The onset is sudden, with fever, chills, headache, joint pain, and muscle aches. These symptoms usually last up to seven days. In some cases, more severe conditions like meningitis or encephalitis can develop. Notably, Cuba reported three cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with OROV in September 2024.

Prevention and Treatment

There are no specific medications or vaccines for OROV. Prevention focuses on avoiding insect bites. Treatment is supportive, aimed at managing symptoms.

Advice for Travellers

Before You Travel

• Research: Check our Country Information pages for health risks, prevention advice, and any vaccine recommendations or malaria advice for your destination. Outbreaks of OROV will be reported on our Outbreak Surveillance database.
• Consult: If you plan to visit countries with reported arboviral infections, including OROV, seek travel health advice from your GP, practice nurse, or a travel clinic at least four to six weeks before you travel.
• Pregnancy Considerations: Although mother-to-child transmission risk is still under investigation, pregnant women should discuss travel plans with their healthcare provider due to the potential high impact and the presence of other diseases like Zika and malaria in these regions.

While You Are Away

• Prevent Bites: There is no vaccine or medication to prevent OROV infection. Minimize bites from midges and mosquitoes by using insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying in accommodations with screens or air conditioning.
• Seek Medical Advice: If you develop symptoms while overseas, consult a health professional promptly.

When You Return

• Monitor Health: If you or anyone in your family experiences symptoms such as high fever, chills, headache, joint pain, and muscle aches after returning from travel, seek medical advice immediately.
• Inform Your Doctor: Always inform your healthcare provider about your recent travel history.

By staying informed and taking preventive measures, you can reduce the risk of Oropouche virus disease and enjoy a safer travel experience.